In the era of rapid technological revolution sweeping the globe, robots have evolved from futuristic fictional concepts in science fiction novels and movies into indispensable core carriers of modern science and technology, profoundly changing human production methods, living habits, social operation modes and even the cognitive boundaries of human civilization. As a typical representative of cross-disciplinary integrated technology, robot technology integrates mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer science, artificial intelligence, sensor technology, automatic control engineering, bionics and many other cutting-edge disciplines. It is an important symbol to measure a country’s level of scientific and technological innovation, industrial manufacturing capacity and comprehensive national strength.
From the simple mechanical automatic devices in the early industrial age to the intelligent humanoid robots, autonomous mobile robots, industrial collaborative robots and bionic robots in the intelligent era today, the development history of robots spans hundreds of years. In the process of continuous technological iteration, robots have gradually got rid of the limitations of single mechanical movement and fixed program execution, and developed towards high intelligence, high flexibility, high autonomy, miniaturization, precision and human-machine integration. At present, robot products have been widely deployed in industrial manufacturing, medical and health care, aerospace exploration, agricultural production, logistics and transportation, home service, public security and military fields, becoming a core driving force for promoting industrial upgrading, social progress and human social development.
This paper will comprehensively elaborate on robots from multiple dimensions, including the origin and development history of robot technology, systematic classification of robots, core key technologies supporting robot operation, mainstream application scenarios in various industries, the current challenges and limitations of robot technology, and the future development trends and social impacts of intelligent robots, so as to present a complete and in-depth panorama of robot technology and industry.
1. The Origin and Development History of Robots
1.1 The Etymology and Early Fictional Conception of Robots
The term “robot” originates from the Czech word “robota”, which means forced labor, drudgery and hard work. It was first widely known to the world in 1920 through the science fiction drama R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) written by Czech writer Karel ?apek. In this work, robots are depicted as artificial mechanical laborers created to replace human manual labor, which initially defined the core attribute of robots: serving humans and replacing human labor.
Long before t
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he emergence of the term “robot”, human beings had already had the imagination and preliminary attempts of artificial automatic machines. As early as ancient Greece and ancient China, there were records of artificial mechanical devices with automatic operation functions. In ancient China, the “wooden birds” that could fly automatically recorded in ancient books, and the mechanical puppets used for performances in the Tang Dynasty, were the earliest embryonic forms of robot concepts. These ancient mechanical automatic devices relied purely on mechanical structures such as gears, levers and pulleys to realize simple repetitive movements, laying the earliest ideological and mechanical foundation for the birth of modern robots.
1.2 The Germination Stage of Modern Robots (18th Century - 1950s)
The industrial revolution in the 18th century promoted the rapid development of mechanical manufacturing technology and automatic control technology, and mechanical automatic devices began to move from manual toy devices to industrial practical equipment. With the popularization of steam engines and electric motors, automatic machine tools, mechanical transmission equipment and assembly line equipment emerged in large numbers in industrial production. These automated mechanical equipment have the basic characteristics of robots: mechanical execution structure, power drive system and fixed program operation logic.